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¡¡¡¡¡¾Paragraph 1¡¿The earliest discovered traces of art are beads and carvings, and then paintings, from sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period. We might expect that early artistic efforts would be crude, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a marked degree of skill. So do the naturalistic paintings on slabs of stone excavated in southern Africa. Some of those slabs appear to have been painted as much as 28,000 years ago, which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as painting in Europe. But painting may be even older than that. The early Australians may have painted on the walls of rock shelters and cliff faces at least 30,000 years ago, and maybe as much as 60,000 years ago.
¡¡¡¡1. The word “marked” in the passage is closest in meaning to
¡¡¡¡¡ð considerable
¡¡¡¡¡ð surprising
¡¡¡¡¡ð limited
¡¡¡¡¡ð adequate
¡¡¡¡ÕâÊÇTPO 4 Cave Art in EuropeÖбÊÕß½ØÈ¡µÄÒ»µÀ´Ê»ãÌâ¡£
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¡¡¡¡1. exploit
¡¡¡¡2. encounter=meet
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¡¡¡¡4. persistent=lasting
¡¡¡¡5. manifestation=show
¡¡¡¡6. adjacent=next to
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¡¡¡¡8. penetrate=pass through
¡¡¡¡v exploitÔÚTPO×÷Ϊ¿¼µã´ÊÒ»¹²³öÏÖ¹ý5´Î£¬exploit=utilize, make use of, use to advantage (TPO 6 Power the Industrial Revolution; TPO 17 Animal Signals in Rain Forest)
¡¡¡¡v bulk=mass (TPO 15 Mass Extinction of Dinosaurs)
¡¡¡¡v persistent=enduring (TPO 15 Biological Clock)
¡¡¡¡v adjacent=nearby (TPO 3 Long-term Stability in Ecosystem; TPO 34 Islamic Art and the Book)
¡¡¡¡v penetrate=pierce (OG Green Icebergs)
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¡¡¡¡1. diffusion=spread
¡¡¡¡2. chronological=a list of events and dates
¡¡¡¡3. contention=debate
¡¡¡¡4. devoid=lack
¡¡¡¡5. a wealth of=abundant
¡¡¡¡6. elaborate=complicated
¡¡¡¡7. subsequent=later
¡¡¡¡8. coincidence=occur at the same time
¡¡¡¡9. remarkable=striking
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¡¡¡¡¡¾Paragraph 5¡¿The third type of symbiosis, mutualism, benefits both partners in the relationship Legume plants and their nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the interactions between flowering plants and their pollinators, are examples of mutualistic association. In the first case, the plants provide the bacteria with carbohydrates and other organic compounds, and the bacteria have enzymes that act as catalysts that eventually add nitrogen to the soil, enriching it. In the second case, pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only.
¡¡¡¡8. According to paragraph 5, the relationship between legumes and bacteria benefits the soil by
¡¡¡¡¡ð adding enriching carbohydrates
¡¡¡¡¡ð speeding the decay of organic matter
¡¡¡¡¡ð destroying enzymes that pollute it
¡¡¡¡¡ð contributing nitrogen to it
¡¡¡¡ÕâÊÇTPO 17 Symbiotic RelationshipµÄÒ»µÀÊÂʵÐÅÏ¢Ì⣬ºÜ¶àѧÉú¿´µ½ÕâƪÎÄÕµĴó±êÌâ¾ÍÒѾ­¿ªÊ¼´ëÊÖ²»¼°ÁË£¬ÒòΪsymbioticÊÇÉú´Ê£¬ÍêÈ«²»ÖªµÀ½²µÄÊÇʲô¹Øϵ£¬Æäʵ²»ÓÃÅ£¬¿¼ÊÔµÄʱºòÒªÓÐÕâÑùµÄ×ÔÐÅ£¬Äã²»ÈÏʶµÄ´Ê80%µÄ¿¼ÉúÒ²²»ÈÏʶ£¬ËùÒÔÎÄÕÂÒ»¶¨»á¶ÔÕâ¸ö´Ê½øÐÐ϶¨Ò壬½âÊÍ˵Ã÷£¬»òÊǾÙÀýÀýÖ¤¡£A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. ÎÄÕµÚÒ»¶ÎµÚÒ»¾ä¾ÍÊǸö϶¨ÒåµÄ¾ä×ÓA is....; ËùÒÔsymbiotic relationshipÊǹ²Éú¹Øϵ£¬Á½¸ö»òÁ½¸öÒÔÉϵÄÎïÖֵĻ¥¶¯£¬ÆäÖÐÒ»¸öÎïÖÖÉú»îÔÚÁíÒ»¸öÎïÖÖµÄÌåÄÚ£¬»òÊÇ¿¿ÁíÒ»¸öÎïÖÖ¶ø»î¡£½ô½Ó×Å£¬ÎÒÃÇͨ¹ýÌâ¸ÉµÄlegume and bacteria benefit soil¶¨Î»£¬·¢ÏÖËüÔÚµÚÎå¶ÎµÄµÚ¶þ¾ä»°£¬ÎãÓ¹ÖÃÒÉ£¬Õâ¾ä»°È·Êµ³öÏÖÁ˺ܶàÉú´Ê£¬ºÜ³¤£¬ºÜÄ°Éú£¬µ«ÊÇÕâЩ¶¼ÎÞÐèÈÏʶ¡£
¡¡¡¡ÏÂÃæ´øÁì´ó¼ÒÔĶÁÒ»ÏÂÕâ¸ö¾ä×Ó£¬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÌø¹ýËùÓÐÉú´Ê£¬ÈÔÈ»ÄÜ°ÑÕâµÀÌâ½â³öÀ´¡£The plants provide the bacteria with carbohydrates and other organic compounds, and the bacteria have enzymes that act as catalysts that eventually add nitrogen to the soil, enriching it. Ö²Îï¸øbacteriaÌṩÁËcarbonhydratesºÍother organic compounds, ²¢ÇÒbacteriaÓÐenzymes, Ëü×÷Ϊcatalysts×îÖÕ¸øÍÁÈÀÌí¼ÓÁËnitrogen, ʹµÃÍÁÈÀ·ÊÎÖ¡£ËùÒÔ»ñÀû¾ÍÊǸøÍÁÈÀÌí¼Ónitrogen, ÈÃÍÁÈÀ·ÊÎÖ£¬´ð°¸ÊÇD¡£DÑ¡ÏîÖеÄnitrogen¾ÓÈ»ÊÇÔ­ÎÄÔ­´Ê£¬È»ºóÎÒÃÇÔÙÀ´²é²é×ֵ䣬ÄÇЩÎÒÃǸոÕÔÚ×öÌâʱ²»ÈÏʶµÄµ¥´Êµ½µ×ÊÇʲôÒâ˼¡£bateriaÊÇϸ¾ú;carbonhydrates̼ˮ»¯ºÏÎï;organic matterÓлúÎï;enzymeø£¬catalyst´ß»¯¼Á;nitrogenµª£¬ËùÓеÄÕâЩµ¥´ÊµÄÖÐÎĶ¼ºÃÊìϤ£¬ºÃÏñ³õÖиßÖл¯Ñ§Ñ§¹ý¡£²»¹ÜËüÃÇÊÇʲôÒâ˼£¬ÓÐÒ»µã¿ÉÒÔÈ·¶¨£¬ËüÃÇÎÞ·¨±»Í¬Òå¸Äд£¬ËùÒÔËüÃǾÍÊÇÍÁ¶¹A£¬·¬ÇÑB£¬ËüÃÇÔÚÎÄÕÂÖÐÊÇA£¬ÄÇôËüÃÇÔÚÑ¡ÏîÖÐÒ²Ò»¶¨¿Ï¶¨¾ø¶Ô»¹ÊÇA£¬ËùÒÔÕâЩ´Êû±ØÒª±³ÏÂÀ´¡£
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¡¡¡¡Ê×ÏÈ£¬hyper accumulators, ÕâÁ½¸ö´ÊÆäʵ²»ÊÇʲôÉú´Ê£¬hyper¾ÍÊdz¬¼¶µÄÒâ˼£¬¶øaccumulatorµÄÔ­ÐÎÊÇaccumulate, ÊÇ»ýÀÛµÄÒâ˼£¬accumulator¾ÍÊÇ»ýÀÛÕߣ¬³¬¼¶»ýÀÛÕß?ÕâÊÇʲô?ËùÒÔ£¬¼´Ê¹ÎÒÃÇ°ÑËü·­Òë³öÀ´ÁË£¬ÎÒÃÇÈ´»¹ÊÇһͷÎíË®¡£ÔÙ¿´¿´£¬·¢ÏÖhyper accumulatorsÇ°Ãæ³öÏÖcalled, Ç°ºóÓжººÅ£¬ËùÒÔµÚÎå¶ÎµÄµÚÒ»¾ä£¬ÆäʵÔÚ¶ÔÕâ¸öרÓÐÃû´Ê϶¨Òå¡£Ô­À´ËüÊÇijÖÖÖ²Î¶øÇÒËüÄܱÈÕý³£µÄÖ²Îï¾Û¼¯Ò»°Ù±¶ÉõÖÁ¸ü¶à±¶µÄ¿óÎïÖÊ¡£
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¡¡¡¡µÚÈý¾ä»°Ò»¹²Ö»ÓÐ7¸öµ¥´Ê£¬ÀïÃæ¿ÉÄܾÍÓÐ2¸ö´Ê²»ÈÏʶ¡£Ã»Ê£¬²»»Å£¬ÒªÀä¾²¡£Ö÷ÓïÊÇthey, Ö¸´úÇ°ÃæµÄhyperaccumulators, Ö¸µÄÊÇijЩֲÎ¶øÇÒͬѧÃÇ»¹ÈÏʶtrees, ËùÒÔherbs, shrubsÓ¦¸ÃÒ²ÊÇÖ²ÎïµÄÃû×Ö¡£
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¡¡¡¡¡¾Paragraph 5¡¿Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal. A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. Hyperaccumulators run the entire range of the plant world. They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyper accumulators. Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.
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